{"id":6846,"date":"2025-12-05T16:08:50","date_gmt":"2025-12-05T16:08:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/?p=6846"},"modified":"2025-12-05T16:08:50","modified_gmt":"2025-12-05T16:08:50","slug":"short-notes-on-current-affairs-05-12-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/?p=6846","title":{"rendered":"Short notes on Current Affairs 05.12.2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">Nuclear Energy Mission for Viksit Bharat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overall Mission Goals<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Target of <strong>100 GWe <\/strong>nuclear power capacity<strong> by 2047<\/strong> to support India\u2019s <strong>Net Zero by 2070<\/strong> goal.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Aims to <strong>expand low-carbon, reliable base-load power,<\/strong> reducing dependence on fossil fuels.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Focus on increasing nuclear energy\u2019s share in India\u2019s energy mix using <strong>indigenous technologies.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Two-Pronged Strategy for Capacity Expansion<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Large Reactors<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Deployment of 700 MWe indigenous PHWRs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installation of large imported reactors at greenfield sites for rapid capacity addition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>BSMR-200 (200 MWe) and SMR-55 (55 MWe) designed by BARC.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Intended for brownfield deployment with multiple applications:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Repurposing retiring fossil-fuel plants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Serving captive power needs of energy-intensive industries (steel, aluminum, metals).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Off-grid and remote area power supply.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SMRs positioned as key solutions for decarbonising power, industrial processes, and transport.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">R&amp;D and Advanced Technologies<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Emphasis on indigenous advanced reactor designs, improved safety, and new fuel cycles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Development of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (up to 5 MWth) for hydrogen production, enabling decarbonisation of transport and process industries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Implementation and Demonstration Plans<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Lead units of BSMR-200, SMR-55, and high-temperature reactors to be constructed at DAE sites.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Expected construction time: 60\u201372 months from sanction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Current and Projected Nuclear Capacity<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Existing operational units include Kakrapar 3 &amp; 4 (2\u00d7700 MW) and Rajasthan Unit-7 (700 MW).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">NPCIL targets:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>~22 GW<\/strong> nuclear capacity by <strong>2031\u201332<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>~54 GW<\/strong> by <strong>2047<\/strong> (from the current <strong>8.78 GW<\/strong>, excluding RAPS-1).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Uranium Resource Development<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">As of September 2025, AMD has established 4,36,700 tonnes of in-situ U\u2083O\u2088 across 47 deposits in 11 states.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Recent discovery: 28,637 tonnes U\u2083O\u2088 at Jaduguda North\u2013Baglasai\u2013Mechua, Jharkhand\u2014an extension of the existing Jaduguda deposit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Regulatory Oversight<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) monitors all radiological safety aspects in uranium mining and milling.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">New projects undergo multi-stage safety reviews following AERB and IAEA standards.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Regular inspections ensure compliance with safety and waste-management norms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">Exercise Garuda-VIII (2025)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exercise Overview<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">8th edition of Exercise Garuda, a bilateral Indo\u2013French air exercise between the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the French Air and Space Force (FASF).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Conducted at <strong>Air Base 118, Mont-de-Marsan, France<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Exercise concluded on 27 November 2025; IAF contingent returned to India on 02 December 2025.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">IAF Participation &amp; Assets<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">IAF deployed:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Su-30MKI fighter aircraft<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>IL-78 air-to-air refuelling aircraft<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C-17 Globemaster III transport aircraft<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Maintenance crews ensured high serviceability, enabling smooth execution of all planned missions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"232\" src=\"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Su30.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6853\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.5087223008015087;width:413px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Su30.jpg 350w, https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Su30-300x199.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Training Activities &amp; Objectives<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Conducted complex air operations in a realistic operational environment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Activities included:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Joint mission planning<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coordinated strike and escort missions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Familiarisation with each other\u2019s operational procedures<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Focus on enhancing <strong>interoperability<\/strong> and <strong>operational coordination<\/strong> between the two air forces.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Engagements &amp; Interactions<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Senior officials from India and France participated in the closing ceremony.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">They commended the forces for their professionalism, discipline, and commitment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Significance<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">One of the largest international air training engagements of the IAF in 2025.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Reinforced the strategic partnership between India and France.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Provided valuable operational insights to both air forces.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Expected to enhance:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>IAF\u2019s war-fighting capabilities<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jointmanship with friendly foreign air forces<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Future cooperation in bilateral and multinational frameworks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">Deep Ocean Mission<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:20px\"><strong>Deep Ocean Mission (DOM)<\/strong> includes two major verticals related to deep-sea exploration:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><em>Technological Advancements for Deep-Sea Mining and Crewed Submersibles<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><em>Deep Ocean Survey &amp; Exploration<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:20px\"><strong>India\u2019s deep-seabed mineral exploration<\/strong> is conducted under contracts with the <strong>International Seabed Authority (ISA)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>2002<\/strong>: Contract for <strong>polymetallic nodules (PMN)<\/strong> over ~75,000 km\u00b2 in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>2016<\/strong>: Contract for <strong>polymetallic sulphides (PMS)<\/strong> over 10,000 km\u00b2 in the Central Indian Ridge (CIR).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>2025<\/strong>: Contract for PMS over 10,000 km\u00b2 in the <strong>Carlsberg Ridge<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:20px\">Exploration follows <strong>ISA-approved plans of work<\/strong>, which require:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Seabed resource estimation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Environmental baseline studies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Geological, geophysical, oceanographic, and biological data collection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Comprehensive biodiversity and ecosystem assessments<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:20px\"><strong>Regulatory framework within India\u2019s jurisdiction:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Governed by the Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act (OAMDR), amended in August 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Applies to all offshore minerals except mineral oils and hydrocarbons.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Supporting rules notified in 2024, including:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Offshore Areas (Existence of Mineral Resources) Rules<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Offshore Areas Mineral (Auction) Rules<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Offshore Areas Operating Right Rules<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Offshore Areas Mineral Conservation and Development Rules<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:20px\"><strong>Beyond India\u2019s EEZ<\/strong>, exploration in the Indian Ocean contract areas follows <strong>ISA regulations<\/strong> to ensure sustainable, legally compliant mineral exploration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">Passport Verification Records (PVR) on DigiLocker<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Initiative<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">NeGD (MeitY) in collaboration with MEA has enabled Passport Verification Records (PVR) on the DigiLocker platform.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Part of the Digital India programme, aimed at secure, paperless, and citizen-centric service delivery.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>DigiLocker Overview<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Cloud-based platform for issuance, storage, sharing, and verification of digital documents and certificates.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Promotes paperless, contactless, and secure document management.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Functionality for Citizens<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">PVRs can be accessed, stored, shared, and digitally verified within DigiLocker.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Available in the \u201cIssued Documents\u201d section after verification.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Can be accessed via web and mobile app.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Key Benefits<\/strong>:\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Convenience &amp; Anytime Access \u2013 Citizens can retrieve PVRs without physical copies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Faster Processes &amp; Reduced Paperwork \u2013 Streamlines verification for travel, employment, and compliance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Secure &amp; Tamper-Proof Records \u2013 Issued digitally by government systems; ensures authenticity and integrity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Easy Digital Sharing &amp; Verification \u2013 Instant, consent-based sharing; reduces need for attested physical copies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Supports Paperless &amp; Green Governance \u2013 Promotes environmentally responsible administrative practices.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Significance<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Modernizes citizen services and strengthens digital public infrastructure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Reinforces a <strong>\u2018<\/strong>Citizen-First\u2019 approach enhancing transparency and trust in government processes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Reflects a whole-of-government approach for secure and efficient digital service delivery.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Expected to benefit millions of passport applicants and holders.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Analysis<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">This initiative demonstrates India\u2019s push towards digital governance, reducing reliance on physical documents.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The integration of PVR with DigiLocker ensures security, authenticity, and convenience, aligning with global best practices in digital identity and document management.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">It enhances the usability of digital documents in multiple domains (government, travel, employment).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The focus on citizen-centric design and eco-friendly governance aligns with India\u2019s Digital India and sustainability goals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana (PMKSY)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:20px\">Scheme Overview:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana (PMKSY) is a central sector, demand-driven scheme.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Applications are invited from all eligible applicants, including Farmers Producing Organisations (FPOs).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Expression of Interest (EoI) can be submitted from all over India, including Hazaribagh and Koderma districts in Jharkhand.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Funds are not allocated or sanctioned state-wise under any PMKSY component.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:20px\">Special Benefits for FPOs:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Benefit<\/th><th>FPO Category<\/th><th>General Category \/ Others<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Subsidy \/ Grant-in-Aid<\/strong><\/td><td>50% of eligible project cost; 70% under Food Safety &amp; Quality Assurance<\/td><td>35%; 50% under Food Safety &amp; QA<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Equity Contribution<\/strong><\/td><td>10% required<\/td><td>20% required<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Minimum Credit \/ Loan Requirement<\/strong><\/td><td>10% required<\/td><td>20% required<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Net Worth Requirement<\/strong><\/td><td>Equal to grant-in-aid sought<\/td><td>1.5 times the grant-in-aid<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:20px\">Objective:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">To provide financial support and incentives to FPOs to enhance food processing infrastructure and quality assurance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Encourage inclusive participation of farmers\u2019 groups in food processing and value addition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Takeaways:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">FPOs are given preferential treatment in subsidy, equity, and loan requirements.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Focus on ease of access to funds and financial viability for small and collective farmer organizations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Part of broader PMKSY goal to promote modern food processing and strengthen the supply chain in India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">PMFME Scheme (PM Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:20px\">Implementing Agency<strong>:<\/strong> <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:17px\">Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI); centrally sponsored scheme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objective:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Support establishment and upgradation of micro food processing enterprises.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Enhance competitiveness in the unorganized food-processing sector.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Promote formalization of micro enterprises.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Type of Support Provided:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Financial, technical, and business support for setting up or upgrading units.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Credit-linked subsidy and other forms of assistance (details in the Annexure mentioned).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Beneficiaries Supported (as of 31 October 2025):<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>1,363<\/strong> Self Help Groups (SHGs)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>236<\/strong> Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>1,61,072<\/strong> individual micro food processing enterprises<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Promotion of \u201cVocal for Local\u201d:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Scheme adopts the <strong>One District One Product (ODOP)<\/strong> approach for balanced regional development.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Each district selects one primary product for focused support, branding, and promotion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">ODOP approved in 726 districts across 35 States\/UTs, including GI-tagged products.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Contributions of the Scheme:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Acts as a catalyst for rural economic growth and entrepreneurship.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Enhances food security by reducing post-harvest losses, improving processing efficiency, and extending shelf life.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Strengthens <strong>value chains<\/strong> via:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>District-specific ODOP interventions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Technology adoption and capacity building<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shared\/common infrastructure for processing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Market integration through e-commerce, retail, and institutional linkages<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Generates <strong>local employment<\/strong>, particularly through SHGs, FPOs, and community-based initiatives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">Groundwater Quality and Government Initiatives<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overall Groundwater Quality Status<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">CGWB conducts groundwater quality monitoring and scientific studies as per a standardized SOP.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Groundwater across India is largely potable, with localized contamination in isolated pockets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Findings from Annual Ground Water Quality Report 2025<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">In Katni district, Madhya Pradesh, all 16 monitored locations show Fluoride levels within the BIS permissible limit of 1.5 mg\/L (IS 10500:2012).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">JJM data confirms no quality-affected habitations remaining in Katni district; safe drinking water has been ensured for all.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Groundwater Assessment in Other Districts<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">In Panna and Khajuraho (Chhatarpur district), groundwater has been monitored for Fluoride, Arsenic, and Nitrate as per CGWB SOP.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">District-wise contamination details, including samples exceeding limits, are provided in the Annexure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Responsibility and Governance<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Water is a <strong>State subject<\/strong>; primary responsibility for mitigation and provision of safe water lies with state governments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The Central Government complements these efforts through monitoring, policy support, and nationwide programs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Central Government Interventions<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Enhanced Groundwater Monitoring<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>CGWB adopted a new SOP with more frequent and denser sampling, especially in vulnerable areas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Quality data disseminated via Annual Reports, Half-yearly Bulletins, and Fortnightly Alerts for timely action.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>National Aquifer Mapping Programme (NAQUIM)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Special focus on groundwater quality during aquifer mapping studies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) \u2013 Har Ghar Jal<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ensures contamination-free potable tap water to every rural household.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Adopted BIS:10500 standards for tap water quality.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Over 2,180 water quality testing laboratories established nationwide.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>States advised to set up Community Water Purification Plants (CWPPs) as interim solutions in affected areas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Artificial Recharge and Conservation Initiatives<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Programs such as Jal Shakti Abhiyan, Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari, Atal Bhujal Yojana, PMKSY, and MGNREGS help improve groundwater recharge and quality.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Surface Water Pollution Control<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Since groundwater contamination is linked to polluted surface water, steps include installing STPs, ETPs, and improving sewage networks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Under NMCG and NRCP, substantial efforts are being made to improve water quality in major river stretches.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) \u2013 Har Ghar Jal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Purpose and Implementation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>J<\/strong>JM \u2013 Har Ghar Jal is a centrally sponsored programme aimed at providing tap water supply to every rural household in all Gram Panchayats and villages across India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Implemented in partnership with States, as water is a State subject.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Community Participation and Governance<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">In line with the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, the mission emphasizes village-level planning and community involvement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Gram Panchayats and their sub-committees like Village Water &amp; Sanitation Committees (VWSCs)\/Pani Samitis are empowered to:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Plan<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Implement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Manage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Operate and maintain in-village water supply systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">This strengthens ownership and accountability at the village level.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Certification of \u2018Har Ghar Jal\u2019 Status<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">After achieving 100% tap connections in a village:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Implementing department issues a completion certificate to the Gram Panchayat.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gram Panchayat, in a Gram Sabha meeting, reads out the completion report and passes a resolution certifying itself as a \u2018Har Ghar Jal\u2019 village.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The certificate, Gram Sabha resolution, and a video of the Gram Sabha are uploaded to the JJM Dashboard.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">As of <strong>02.12.2025<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>About 2.68 lakh villages have been reported as \u2018Har Ghar Jal\u2019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>About 1.76 lakh villages have been certified by their Gram Sabhas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Capacity Building \u2013 Nal Jal Mitra Programme (NJMP)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">To support local operation and maintenance, the Nal Jal Mitra Programme has been launched with the Ministry of Skill Development &amp; Entrepreneurship.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Trains community members as \u201cNal Jal Mitras\u201d with skills such as:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Masonry<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plumbing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fitting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electrical work<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Motor mechanics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pump operations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">These trained individuals handle minor repairs, preventive maintenance, and functioning of piped water supply systems at the village level.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">Indian Carbon Market under the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Institutional Framework<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) framework for the Indian Carbon Market has been finalized.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Institutional structure includes:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>National Steering Committee co-chaired by Secretaries of the Ministry of Power and Ministry of Environment, Forest &amp; Climate Change.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Grid India designated as the <em>Registry<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) designated as the <em>Administrator<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mechanisms under CCTS<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Compliance Mechanism<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Covers emission-intensive industries designated as <em>Obligated Entities<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These entities must meet assigned Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity (GEI) targets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Entities that overachieve their targets earn Carbon Credit Certificates.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Offset Mechanism<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Open to Non-Obligated Entities on a voluntary basis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Allows registration of projects that reduce, remove, or avoid GHG emissions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Such projects may receive Carbon Credit Certificates.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sectoral Transition from PAT to CCTS<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The following sectors have shifted from the Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme to the <strong>CCTS Compliance Mechanism<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Aluminium<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chlor-alkali<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Petrochemicals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Petroleum refineries<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pulp &amp; paper<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Textiles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Thermal power plants<\/strong> have <em>not<\/em> been transitioned to the CCTS Compliance Mechanism.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">CSIR Floriculture Mission<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objectives<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Enhance farmers\u2019 income and livelihood security.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Develop entrepreneurship in floriculture.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Strengthen India\u2019s domestic floriculture sector and reduce imports.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Achievements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Phase II: Created 32,44,000 man-days of employment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Area under cultivation: 2,208.63 ha across 399 clusters in 126 districts of 26 States\/UTs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Direct beneficiaries: 16,220 individuals, including women.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Technology development: 17 technologies transferred to entrepreneurs and industries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Capacity-building: 144 training programs for 5,728 beneficiaries, including 1,615 women.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Apiculture integration: 1,072 honey bee boxes distributed, benefitting 175 farmers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Income impact: \u20b9262 crore generated, ~\u20b91.18 lakh per farmer (2\u20133\u00d7 increase over traditional crops).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Employment generated: Over 44 lakh man-days.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Variety development: Eight flower varieties released (lotus, chrysanthemum, gerbera).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Export &amp; Import Impact<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Targeted 15% reduction in flower imports.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Strengthened domestic flower production.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">CSIR Aroma Mission<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objectives<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Promote rural empowerment through aromatic crop cultivation, processing, and value addition.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Support aroma industry with quality raw materials and contribute to self-reliance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Achievements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Area covered<\/strong>: Over 51,000 ha under aromatic crops.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Clusters developed<\/strong>: 4,500+ clusters across 28 States, including 20 tribal clusters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Technology &amp; varieties<\/strong>: 52 varieties and 82 region-specific agro-technologies developed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Processing infrastructure<\/strong>: 408 improved distillation units installed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Skill development<\/strong>: 2,096 training programs, trained 1.22 lakh manpower including 10,000 women.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Entrepreneur support<\/strong>: 110+ entrepreneurs assisted in value-added products.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Employment created<\/strong>: ~1 crore rural jobs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Production &amp; revenue<\/strong>: 6,000+ tons of essential oils worth \u20b9600 crore.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Crop Benefits<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Aromatic crops like Lemongrass, Palmarosa, Vetiver, Tulsi, and Mentha:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Low water and nutrient requirements<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Suitable for <strong>rain-fed conditions<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Income: \u20b960,000\u2013\u20b970,000 per hectare.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Vetiver cultivation profitable in <strong>disaster-affected areas<\/strong> (cyclones, floods).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Export &amp; Self-reliance Impact<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">India became <strong>largest producer and exporter of lemongrass oil<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Leadership in <strong>Menthol Mint production<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Vetiver cultivation in UP, Bihar, Tamil Nadu reduced import dependence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Palmarosa oil exported to multiple countries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Combined Socio-Economic Impact<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Both missions have significantly <strong>enhanced farmers\u2019 income, livelihoods, and employment<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Developed <strong>high-yielding crop varieties<\/strong> for domestic cultivation and export.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Promoted <strong>rural entrepreneurship<\/strong>, <strong>capacity-building<\/strong>, and <strong>technology transfer<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">Nano-plastics from PET Bottles \u2013 Key Findings<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Background<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Nano-plastics<\/strong> are emerging pollutants detected in the human body, but their direct effects on human health were poorly understood.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Gut microbes<\/strong> play a central role in immunity, metabolism, and mental well-being, making them critical to study in the context of nano-plastic exposure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Research Study<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Conducted by Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali under Department of Science and Technology (DST).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Objective: Investigate the impact of nano-plastics on multiple biological systems \u2013 gut bacteria, red blood cells, and human epithelial cells.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Method: Nano-plastics recreated from <strong>PET bottles<\/strong> in the laboratory and tested across three biological models.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Findings<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Gut Bacteria (Lactobacillus rhamnosus)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Long-term exposure reduced bacterial growth, colonization, and protective functions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Increased stress responses and higher sensitivity to antibiotic<strong>s<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Red Blood Cells<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>High concentrations disrupted cell membranes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Caused hemolytic changes, affecting blood stability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Human Epithelial Cells<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prolonged exposure caused DNA damage, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Triggered inflammatory signaling and altered energy and nutrient metabolism.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"602\" height=\"343\" src=\"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image0015CH7.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6871\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.755106647105293;width:493px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image0015CH7.jpg 602w, https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image0015CH7-300x171.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Implications<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Nano-plastics act as biologically active particles affecting gut health, blood stability, and general cellular function.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Highlight hidden health risks from everyday plastics in food, water, and human body.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Findings may inform industry practices and policy towards safer and sustainable plastic use.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nuclear Energy Mission for Viksit Bharat Overall Mission Goals Two-Pronged Strategy for Capacity Expansion R&amp;D and Advanced Technologies Implementation and Demonstration Plans Current and Projected Nuclear Capacity Uranium Resource Development Regulatory Oversight Exercise Garuda-VIII (2025) Exercise Overview IAF Participation &amp; Assets Training Activities &amp; Objectives Engagements &amp; Interactions Significance Deep Ocean Mission Deep Ocean Mission [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[592],"tags":[678,222,675,21,676,22,665,666,680,661,663,677,664,671,673,662,674,672,679,660,667,670,668,669,221,681,20],"class_list":["post-6846","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-short-notes","tag-aroma-mission","tag-bank-exams","tag-carbon-credit-trading-scheme","tag-competitive-exams","tag-csir","tag-current-affairs","tag-deep-ocean-mission","tag-digilocker","tag-epithelial-cells","tag-exercise-garuda","tag-fasf","tag-floriculture-mission","tag-french-air-and-space-force","tag-groundwater-quality","tag-har-ghar-jal","tag-indian-airforce","tag-indian-carbon-market","tag-jal-jeevan-mission","tag-nano-plastics","tag-nuclear-energy-mission","tag-passport-verification-records","tag-pmfme","tag-pmksy","tag-pradhan-mantri-kisan-sampada-yojana","tag-rrb-exams","tag-short-notes","tag-ssc-cgl"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6846","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6846"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6846\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6873,"href":"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6846\/revisions\/6873"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6846"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6846"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6846"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}