{"id":7149,"date":"2025-12-21T18:41:33","date_gmt":"2025-12-21T18:41:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/?p=7149"},"modified":"2025-12-21T18:41:33","modified_gmt":"2025-12-21T18:41:33","slug":"short-notes-on-current-affairs-19-12-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/?p=7149","title":{"rendered":"Short notes on Current Affairs 19.12.2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">India\u2013Oman CEPA<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Agreement Overview<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">India and Oman signed a <strong>Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)<\/strong> in Muscat.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Signatories:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>India<\/strong>: Commerce &amp; Industry Minister Piyush Goyal<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Oman<\/strong>: Minister of Commerce, Industry and Investment Promotion Qais bin Mohammed Al Yousef<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Signed in the presence of:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Prime Minister Narendra Modi<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sultan Haitham bin Tarik of Oman<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Represents a major upgrade in bilateral economic relations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Strategic &amp; Diplomatic Significance<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">First bilateral trade agreement Oman has signed since 2006 (after its FTA with the U.S.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Second CEPA for India with a GCC country, following UAE (2022).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Oman positioned as a <strong>strategic gateway<\/strong> for India to:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eastern Europe<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Central Asia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Africa<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Reflects India\u2019s broader strategy of deepening economic engagement with West Asia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">PM Modi described the agreement as a \u201cblueprint for the future\u201d, signalling long-term partnership.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Market Access &amp; Tariff Liberalisation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Oman\u2019s Commitments<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Duty-free access on 98.08% of tariff lines.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Covers 99.38% of India\u2019s exports to Oman.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Indicates near-total market access for Indian goods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">India\u2019s Commitments<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Tariff liberalisation on 77.79% of total tariff lines.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Covers 94.81% of India\u2019s imports from Oman.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Reflects a <strong>calibrated opening<\/strong>, protecting sensitive sectors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sectoral Impact \u2013 Merchandise Trade<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sectors Gaining Full Tariff Elimination<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Labour-intensive and manufacturing sectors including:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gems and jewellery<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Textiles, leather, footwear<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sports goods, furniture, plastics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Agricultural products<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Engineering goods<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pharmaceuticals and medical devices<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Automobiles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Expected outcomes:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Export growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Job creation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strengthening of MSMEs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sensitive Sectors Excluded by India<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Agricultural commodities:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dairy products<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tea, coffee, rubber<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tobacco<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Precious metals and jewellery:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gold and silver bullion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Other labour-intensive goods:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Footwear, sports goods<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Scrap of several base metals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Aimed at <strong>protecting domestic producers and livelihoods<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Services Trade &amp; Mobility of Workers (Key Highlight)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">CEPA includes strong commitments in services, especially worker mobility.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Major enhancements under Mode 4 (movement of natural persons):\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Intra-Corporate Transferee quota increased<\/strong> from 20% to 50%.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Contractual Service Suppliers\u2019 stay extended<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>From 90 days to 2 years<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Further extendable by another 2 years<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Provides liberal entry and stay conditions for skilled Indian professionals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Marks a significant concession rarely granted in FTAs, benefiting India\u2019s services sector.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Trade Context (2024\u201325)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>India\u2019s exports to Oman<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>$4.06 billion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>0.93% of India\u2019s total exports<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>India\u2019s imports from Oman<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>$6.5 billion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>0.91% of India\u2019s total imports<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Despite modest trade share, CEPA aims to <strong>unlock untapped potential<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Economic &amp; Developmental Implications<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Expected to:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Boost bilateral trade and investment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enhance employment opportunities<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promote innovation and skills development<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Special focus on <strong>youth employment<\/strong> in both countries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Supports India\u2019s:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Export diversification<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Global value chain integration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Make in India and services-led growth strategy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overall Assessment<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">CEPA represents a <strong>deep, balanced, and forward-looking trade agreement<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Combines:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Near-total market access for Indian goods<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection of sensitive domestic sectors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strong gains in services and labour mobility<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Strengthens India\u2019s economic footprint in the <strong>Gulf and beyond<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Likely to serve as a <strong>model for future FTAs with GCC countries<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">DHRUV64 Microprocessor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overview<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">DHRUV64 is a fully indigenous microprocessor announced on December 15 by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Developed by C-DAC under India\u2019s Microprocessor Development Programme.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Intended to strengthen India\u2019s domestic processor pipeline and reduce reliance on imported chip designs and supply chains.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technical Characteristics<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>64-bit, dual-core general-purpose processor<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Clock speed:<\/strong> 1 GHz<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Capable of running modern operating systems, unlike simpler microcontrollers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Designed to balance performance and power efficiency, making it suitable for embedded and industrial use.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Based on the RISC-V instruction set, under the Digital India RISC-V (DIR-V) initiative.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What the Specifications Imply<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Not meant for high-end consumer devices like smartphones or laptops.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Performance is <strong>modest by global consumer standards<\/strong>, lacking:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Multiple high-performance cores<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>GPUs or specialised accelerators (e.g., for AI\/ML)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Well-suited for applications that value <strong>reliability, long lifecycle support, and system integration<\/strong>, such as:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Telecom infrastructure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Industrial controllers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Automotive electronics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Routers and embedded systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Strategic Importance<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Processors are foundational to national security, industrial control, and digital infrastructure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Control over processor design, toolchains, and updates enables:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stronger cybersecurity assumptions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Resilience against export controls and global supply disruptions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">India aims to build <strong>sovereign computing capability<\/strong>, not just consume chips.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ecosystem Context<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">DHRUV64 is part of a broader Indian processor ecosystem:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>SHAKTI<\/strong> (IIT Madras)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>AJIT<\/strong> (IIT Bombay)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>VIKRAM<\/strong> (ISRO\u2013SCL)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>THEJAS32 \/ THEJAS64<\/strong> (C-DAC)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Positioned as a <strong>platform chip<\/strong> for:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Startups<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Academia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Industry<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Intended to enable <strong>low-cost prototyping<\/strong> without foreign processors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">RISC-V and DIR-V Explained<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>RISC-V<\/strong> is an open, licence-free instruction set architecture (ISA).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Allows custom extensions and avoids dependence on proprietary ISAs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>DIR-V programme<\/strong> aims to create a portfolio of RISC-V chips for:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Industrial<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strategic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Military<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consumer applications<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">DHRUV64 is the <strong>third DIR-V processor<\/strong>, after THEJAS32 and THEJAS64.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Uncertainties and Limitations<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Performance transparency lacking<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>No benchmarks, cache details, memory architecture, or power efficiency metrics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Manufacturing details unclear<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>No disclosure of fabrication location, process node, yields, or reliability standards.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Ambiguity around \u201cfully indigenous\u201d<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Unclear whether this applies to:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Core microarchitecture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SoC integration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Toolchains<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>IP blocks<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fabrication<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Ecosystem readiness unknown<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>No clarity on:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Developer boards<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>OS support<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Security certifications<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Government anchor usage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Commercial viability uncertain<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Competes against mature global chips with established ecosystems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Future Roadmap<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Next processors announced:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>DHANUSH<\/strong>: 1.2 GHz, quad-core, reportedly 28 nm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>DHANUSH+<\/strong>: 2 GHz, quad-core, possibly 14\u201316 nm<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Both are still in <strong>design or engineering stages<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Broader Semiconductor Push<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Government initiatives include:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Chips to Startup<\/strong> (\u20b9250 crore)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Design Linked Incentive (DLI)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>INUP-i2i<\/strong> programme<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">As of 2025:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>10 semiconductor projects approved<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u20b91.6 lakh crore<\/strong> in investments<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Focus is shifting toward:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>System-on-chip families<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reference designs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Software ecosystems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Domestic manufacturing and testing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">DHRUV64 represents a <strong>strategic milestone<\/strong>, not a technological leap.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Its success depends less on raw performance and more on:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ecosystem development<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Government adoption<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transparent specifications<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Long-term manufacturing and software support<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The ultimate goal is for Indian users to adopt Indian processors <strong>without unacceptable cost, risk, or capability trade-offs<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">Securities Market Code Bill, 2025<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overview of the Bill<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The <strong>Securities Market Code Bill, 2025<\/strong> was tabled in the Lok Sabha by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The Bill has been referred to the Standing Committee on Finance for detailed examination.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">It follows an announcement made in the Union Budget 2021\u201322.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Purpose and Rationale<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Aims to <strong>unify and consolidate<\/strong> three major laws governing India\u2019s securities market:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SEBI Act, 1992<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Depositories Act, 1996<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Seeks to rationalise overlapping provisions and modernise regulation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Intended to create a coherent, contemporary regulatory framework that:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Strengthens investor protection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Facilitates capital mobilisation at scale<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Improves regulatory clarity and efficiency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Institutional Changes<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Expansion of SEBI\u2019s board strength<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Increased from <strong>9 members to 15 members<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Composition to include:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Chairperson<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2 Central Government officials (ex-officio)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 RBI representative (ex-officio)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>11 other members, with <strong>at least 5 whole-time members<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Currently, SEBI has only <strong>3 whole-time members<\/strong>, indicating a significant operational expansion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Regulatory and Enforcement Reforms<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Proposal to decriminalise minor, procedural, and technical violations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Such violations would be addressed through civil penalties rather than criminal prosecution.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Objective is to:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Improve ease of doing business<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduce compliance burden on market participants<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Criminal penalties retained mainly for serious market abuses, such as:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Insider trading<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trading on material non-public information<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Civil Penalties and Procedural Safeguards<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">\u201cUnlawful gains or losses\u201d to be addressed under <strong>civil penalty mechanisms<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Introduction of a <strong>time limitation<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>No inspection allowed if <strong>eight years<\/strong> have passed since the date of contravention.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Mandatory disclosure of direct or indirect interests by board members before decision-making to reduce conflicts of interest.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Expert and Political Reactions<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Legal experts view the reforms as an attempt to balance:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Faster adjudication<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stronger deterrence for serious violations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Opposition raised by some MPs who argue:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Bill concentrates excessive powers in a single regulatory authority<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This could conflict with the principle of <strong>separation of powers<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The Finance Minister responded that such concerns would be addressed during Standing Committee deliberations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overall Significance<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Represents a major step toward <strong>streamlining India\u2019s securities market regulation<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Reflects a policy shift toward:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Regulatory efficiency<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reduced criminalisation<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stronger institutional governance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Final impact will depend on:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Parliamentary scrutiny<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Possible amendments following committee review<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">Cognizant Deployed over 1 million AI agents<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Announcement<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Cognizant has deployed over 1 million AI agents (agentic systems) across its operations in San Francisco and Bengaluru over the past year.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The deployment aims to enhance client experiences across multiple industry domains.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">New AI Lab and Moment Studio in Bengaluru<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">AI agents will play a central role in Cognizant\u2019s newly established:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>AI Lab<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cognizant Moment Studio<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The Bengaluru facility is designed as a co-located innovation hub combining:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Applied artificial intelligence<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Experience-led and human-centric design<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Impact on Product Development<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The facility is expected to compress discovery and innovation timelines:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Activities such as brainstorming, ideation, research, and validation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Including synthetic research using AI personas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Processes that previously took months can now be completed in weeks or even hours.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Enables rapid prototyping and faster solution deployment for global clients.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Facility Details and Workforce<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Size: 10,000 square feet<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Current workforce: 40 specialists, including:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Psychologists<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Designers and human experience designers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI scientists<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI strategists<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Teams collaborate directly with customers from the early ideation stage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Ideas are validated by:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Business analysts<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Domain experts<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Global technology and regulatory compliance professionals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Industry Focus<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The AI Lab and Studio are currently ready to serve:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Life sciences<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Healthcare<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Banking<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Expansion plans include:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Retail sector<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Deployment of an additional 10,000 AI agents for retail use cases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technology Architecture and Strategy<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">AI systems are supported by:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Simple, open-source large language models (LLMs)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Models run entirely on network nodes, not externally hosted<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">This approach addresses:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Data sensitivity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Low-latency and fast response requirements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Open and Flexible AI Approach<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Cognizant follows a:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>LLM-agnostic<\/strong> strategy (agents can switch between primary and backup LLMs)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cloud-agnostic<\/strong> architecture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fully open-source<\/strong> model<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Agentic systems are publicly accessible and can be downloaded from <strong>GitHub<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Strategic Significance<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The initiative positions Cognizant to:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Accelerate enterprise adoption of AI<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Convert ideas into scalable, trusted, and compliant AI solutions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Reflects a shift toward agent-based AI systems as core enterprise infrastructure rather than experimental tools.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overall Takeaway<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Cognizant is leveraging large-scale AI agent deployment, open-source technologies, and design-led innovation to dramatically speed up enterprise solution development, while maintaining flexibility, security, and regulatory compliance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">India\u2013Netherlands Joint Trade and Investment Committee (JTIC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overview<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">India and the Netherlands have established the India\u2013Netherlands Joint Trade and Investment Committee (JTIC).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The establishment was formalized through a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Netherlands<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Announcement coincided with Dutch Foreign Minister H.E. David van Weel\u2019s visit to India and his meeting with Union Minister of External Affairs Dr. S. Jaishankar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Purpose and Objectives of JTIC<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">JTIC provides a formal institutional framework for regular dialogue and cooperation on trade and investment matters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Core objectives include:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Review bilateral trade relations and promote two-way investments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Address investment and trade barriers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Explore collaboration in mutually beneficial sectors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Facilitate interaction between Chambers of Commerce and Industry, especially focusing on MSMEs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Encourage technical know-how exchange and technology transfer, particularly in the micro and small sector.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Structure and Functioning<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">JTIC will meet annually, alternating between India and the Netherlands.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Co-chaired by:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Additional Secretary, Department of Commerce, India<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Director General (Foreign Economic Relations), Netherlands<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Comprises delegations of government officials and other designated members from both countries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Will serve as a dedicated mechanism to facilitate trade and investment cooperation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Significance<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Reinforces bilateral economic cooperation and strategic relations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Supports creation of resilient and diversified supply chains.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Promotes sustainable and inclusive growth in both economies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Complements ongoing bilateral and multilateral engagements, enhancing the strategic dimension of India\u2013Netherlands relations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Expected to advance mutually beneficial trade and investment outcomes for both countries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">Export of GI-tagged Indi Lime<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overview<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">GI-tagged Indi Lime from Vijayapura district, Karnataka, has been exported to Oman for the first time on 19 December 2025.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The export shipment was 3 metric tonnes (MTs).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">This follows the maiden export to Dubai on 24 August 2025 and subsequent exports of nearly 12 MTs to the UAE.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Market Expansion<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">India is diversifying markets, with a flag-off of 350 kg of Indi Lime to the United Kingdom.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Cumulative exports from Vijayapura now stand at approximately 12.35 MTs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">GI-tagged Indi Lime\u2019s entry into Oman is linked to the India-Oman Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA\/FTA).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The FTA is expected to enhance market access and competitiveness for Indian agricultural and processed products.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Significance of GI Tag<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">GI (Geographical Indication) status highlights the <strong>distinctive aroma, high juice content, and longer shelf life<\/strong> of Indi Lime.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">GI status <strong>positions the fruit competitively<\/strong> in international markets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Supports farmers by improving income realisation and reducing dependence on domestic price fluctuations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Support from APEDA<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The <strong>Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)<\/strong> promotes and facilitates GI-tagged product exports.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Ensures compliance with global quality and phytosanitary standards.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Helps in branding region-specific produce for international markets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Strategic Implications<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Successful exports reflect India\u2019s potential as a reliable supplier of high-quality, region-specific agricultural products.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Opens new avenues for farmers and strengthens India\u2019s agri-export ecosystem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">GI-tagged produce enhances India\u2019s agricultural export competitiveness globally.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">ICG commissions GSL\u2019s new-generation Fast Patrol Vessel \u2018Amulya\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Commissioning Overview<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>ICG Ship \u2018Amulya\u2019<\/strong> was commissioned on December 19, 2025, in Goa.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">It is the <strong>third vessel<\/strong> in the series of <strong>eight Adamya-class Fast Patrol Vessels<\/strong> for the Indian Coast Guard (ICG).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The ship was designed and built by Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Indigenous Design and Strategic Significance<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Over <strong>60% indigenous components<\/strong>, reinforcing:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Aatmanirbhar Bharat<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Make in India initiatives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Represents a new benchmark in indigenous shipbuilding.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Name <strong>\u201cAmulya\u201d<\/strong> means <em>priceless<\/em>, symbolising strategic value and self-reliance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Incorporates modern design philosophy focused on:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Efficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Endurance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rapid response capability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technical Specifications<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Length:<\/strong> 51 metres<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Propulsion:<\/strong> Two advanced diesel engines of 3000 KW each<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Top speed:<\/strong> 27 knots<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Operational endurance:<\/strong> 1,500 nautical miles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Equipped with indigenous state-of-the-art weapons and systems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Offers:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Superior manoeuvrability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Operational flexibility<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enhanced sea performance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Operational Roles<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Designed to undertake multiple missions, including:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Maritime surveillance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Interdiction operations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Search and Rescue (SAR)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anti-smuggling operations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Marine pollution response<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Strengthens ICG\u2019s capability to safeguard India\u2019s eastern seaboard.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Deployment and Command<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Home port:<\/strong> Paradip, Odisha<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Operates under:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Commander, Coast Guard Region (North East)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Commanding Officer: Commandant (JG) Anupam Singh<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Crew complement:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>05 officers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>34 personnel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>India\u2013Oman CEPA Agreement Overview Strategic &amp; Diplomatic Significance Market Access &amp; Tariff Liberalisation Oman\u2019s Commitments India\u2019s Commitments Sectoral Impact \u2013 Merchandise Trade Sectors Gaining Full Tariff Elimination Sensitive Sectors Excluded by India Services Trade &amp; Mobility of Workers (Key Highlight) Trade Context (2024\u201325) Economic &amp; Developmental Implications Overall Assessment DHRUV64 Microprocessor Overview Technical Characteristics What [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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