{"id":7168,"date":"2025-12-22T16:53:18","date_gmt":"2025-12-22T16:53:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/?p=7168"},"modified":"2025-12-22T16:53:18","modified_gmt":"2025-12-22T16:53:18","slug":"short-notes-on-current-affairs-20-12-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mehnatt.com\/?p=7168","title":{"rendered":"Short notes on Current Affairs 20.12.2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">Bureau of Port Security (BoPS)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Background and Context<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">A high-level meeting was convened by Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Shri Amit Shah to plan the constitution of the Bureau of Port Security (BoPS).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The meeting was also attended by the Union Minister for Ports, Shipping and Waterways and the Minister of Civil Aviation, reflecting an inter-ministerial approach to security.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Need for a Dedicated Port Security Framework<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Emphasis was laid on creating a robust, uniform, and national port security framework.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Security measures are to be implemented in a graded and risk-based manner, considering:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vulnerability levels<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trade and cargo volumes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strategic location of ports<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Other relevant risk parameters<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Legal and Institutional Structure<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">BoPS will be constituted as a statutory body under Section 13 of the Merchant Shipping Act, 2025.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">It will function under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The Bureau will be headed by a Director General, an IPS officer of Pay Level-15.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">During a one-year transition period, the Director General of Shipping (DGS\/DGMA) will act as the Director General, BoPS.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The structure is modelled on the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mandate and Functions<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Responsible for regulatory and oversight functions relating to:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Security of vessels<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Security of port facilities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Will ensure analysis, collection, and exchange of security-related information.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Special emphasis on cyber security, including:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A dedicated division to protect port IT and digital infrastructure from cyber threats.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Role of CISF and Private Security Agencies<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) designated as a Recognised Security Organisation (RSO) for ports.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">CISF responsibilities include:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Conducting security assessments of ports<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Preparing port security plans<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">CISF will also:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Train and build capacity of Private Security Agencies (PSAs) involved in port security<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Support certification and regulation of PSAs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Measures will be introduced to ensure only licensed PSAs operate at ports.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cross-Sectoral Learning<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">It was noted that lessons from maritime security frameworks would be replicated in the aviation security domain, strengthening overall national transport security.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Strategic Significance<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Establishment of BoPS represents a <strong>major institutional reform<\/strong> in India\u2019s maritime security architecture.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Enhances:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Standardisation of port security<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Risk-based governance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Integration of cyber and physical security<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Reflects India\u2019s focus on <strong>securing critical trade infrastructure<\/strong> and adapting to emerging security threats.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">Niryat Cargo Express<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Development<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Indian Railways has achieved a new milestone by operating the Niryat Cargo Express as a double-stack container train.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The service ran from Ichhapuri Container Terminal, Gurugram, to Mundra Port.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">This marks the first time a timetabled assured freight train has been operated from Ichhapuri, Gurugram.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About Niryat Cargo Express<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">It is an export-focused, assured transit freight service.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Designed to provide time-bound, predictable logistics for exporters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Operates as a weekly service, ensuring reliability and planning certainty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Operational Highlights<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The train was operated as a <strong>\u201ccrack train\u201d<\/strong>, meaning:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Minimal halts<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Uninterrupted movement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Faster transit times<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Use of <strong>double-stack containers<\/strong> enhances carrying capacity and efficiency.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Previous Operations<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Prior to this, 20 trips of assured transit service had been successfully operated from Garhi, Gurugram.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The Ichhapuri run expands the assured freight network in the region.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Role of Northern Railway<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>Delhi Division of Northern Railway<\/strong> has strengthened assured freight movement for exporters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Focus is on high-value export cargo that requires timely and reliable delivery.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Benefits to Exporters<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Reduced transit time to Mundra Port.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Lower logistics costs due to fewer delays and predictable schedules.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Improved competitiveness of Indian exports through efficient rail-based logistics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overall Significance<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Reflects Indian Railways\u2019 push towards:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Modern freight operations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Export facilitation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Logistics efficiency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Supports India\u2019s broader goal of <strong>boosting exports and improving supply chain reliability<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">New Study on Measuring Galaxy Halo Mass<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Research origin and significance<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The study was conducted by the Raman Research Institute (RRI), under the Department of Science and Technology (DST).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">It challenges existing methods used to estimate the mass of the diffuse gas halo surrounding galaxies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Accurate measurement of this halo is crucial for understanding galaxy formation and evolution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Structure of a galaxy beyond visible stars<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Galaxies are surrounded by a vast, diffuse halo extending 10\u201320 times the size of the visible galaxy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Most of a galaxy\u2019s mass lies in this halo, made up of <strong>dark matter<\/strong> and gas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The gaseous component bound to the galaxy is called the <strong>Circumgalactic Medium (CGM)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The gas outside this region, not gravitationally bound to the galaxy, is known as the <strong>Intergalactic Medium (IGM)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Role of the CGM<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">CGM acts as a bridge between galaxies and the <strong>cosmic web<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">It regulates <strong>gas inflow<\/strong> (fuel for star formation) and <strong>outflow<\/strong> (feedback processes), shaping galaxy evolution.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Measuring the CGM\u2019s mass helps trace how galaxies grow over cosmic time.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Current observational method<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Astronomers estimate CGM mass by measuring <strong>highly ionized oxygen<\/strong> in the halo.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Light from distant, bright background sources passes through gas around foreground galaxies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Specific wavelengths absorbed by ionized oxygen reveal the amount of gas along the line of sight.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Core problem identified<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Observations measure the <strong>total ionized oxygen along the line of sight<\/strong>, not just from the CGM.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Both <strong>CGM and IGM lie along this path<\/strong>, making it impossible to separate their contributions observationally.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Existing models assume all detected ionized oxygen belongs to the CGM.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key findings of the RRI study<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The study\u2019s models indicate that a significant fraction of observed ionized oxygen actually comes from the IGM.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">This leads to systematic overestimation of CGM mass.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The IGM forms a \u201cblanket\u201d around the CGM, contaminating measurements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Variation across galaxy masses<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">In <strong>high-mass galaxies<\/strong> (like the Milky Way), only about <strong>50%<\/strong> of observed ionized oxygen may come from CGM.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">In <strong>low-mass galaxies<\/strong>, the CGM contribution could be as low as <strong>30%<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">This explains why models and observations disagree more strongly for low-mass galaxies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conceptual analogy<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The CGM is likened to a crowd gathered around a street magician (the galaxy).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The crowd stops growing beyond a boundary, representing the transition from CGM to IGM.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Implications of the study<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Galaxy halo mass estimates may need significant revision.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Understanding gas flows and galaxy evolution requires explicitly accounting for IGM contributions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The findings call for refinement of theoretical and observational models.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Future work<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">RRI researchers, along with collaborators from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, are developing more realistic and comprehensive models.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The goal is to precisely quantify the CGM\u2013IGM contribution mismatch and improve mass estimates.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overall takeaway<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The study redefines how astronomers interpret halo gas observations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">It highlights that intergalactic matter plays a larger role than previously assumed in shaping galaxy halo measurements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">BlueBird Communications Satellite.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ISRO Announcement<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has officially announced the launch of the <strong>BlueBird communications satellite<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Satellite Details<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The satellite weighs approximately <strong>6,500 kg<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">It has been developed by <strong>AST SpaceMobile<\/strong>, a U.S.-based company.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">BlueBird is a <strong>communications satellite<\/strong>, intended to support space-based connectivity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Launch Vehicle and Mission<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The satellite will be launched aboard <strong>LVM3<\/strong>, India\u2019s heavy-lift launch vehicle.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The mission is designated <strong>LVM3-M6<\/strong>, indicating the sixth mission of the LVM3 rocket.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Launch Date and Time<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The launch is scheduled for <strong>December 24, 2025<\/strong>, at <strong>8:54 am IST<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">It will take place from the <strong>Second Launch Pad<\/strong> at the <strong>Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">International Collaboration<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The mission highlights <strong>international cooperation<\/strong>, with ISRO launching a satellite developed by a U.S. private space company.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Significance<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Demonstrates ISRO\u2019s capability to launch <strong>heavy commercial satellites<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Reinforces India\u2019s growing role as a <strong>reliable global launch service provider<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background\">Support to Poor Prisoners scheme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Background of the Scheme<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The <em>Support to Poor Prisoners<\/em> scheme was <strong>launched in 2023<\/strong> by the Union Home Ministry.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">It aims to provide financial assistance to indigent prisoners whose release is delayed only due to inability to pay fines or furnish bail sureties.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reason for Revising Guidelines<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The Ministry observed a \u201csub-optimal\u201d response from several States and Union Territories.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Poor implementation was undermining the scheme\u2019s core objective of timely prisoner release.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Revised guidelines were issued to ensure better coordination, accountability, and faster execution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objectives of Revised Guidelines<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Introduce fixed timelines for processing eligible cases.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Mandate involvement of senior district-level officials.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Strengthen institutional mechanisms for effective implementation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Help reduce prison overcrowding while alleviating hardship faced by poor prisoners.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Changes in Institutional Framework<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The district-level Empowered Committee will now include:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A nominee of the District Collector<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The judge in-charge of the concerned prison, nominated by the District Judge<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">This aims to enhance oversight and decision-making.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Procedure for Convicted Prisoners<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If a convicted prisoner cannot secure release due to non-payment of fines:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The Jail Superintendent must inform the Secretary of the District Legal Services Authority (DLSA) within one week.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The DLSA verifies the prisoner\u2019s financial condition.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Eligible cases are forwarded to the Empowered Committee.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The Committee may approve <strong>financial assistance up to \u20b925,000<\/strong>, to be deposited with the court.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Applicability to Undertrial Prisoners<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Similar provisions apply to <strong>eligible undertrial prisoners<\/strong> unable to secure release due to bail conditions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exclusions Under the Scheme<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The scheme does <strong>not apply<\/strong> to persons accused under:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prevention of Corruption Act<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Any other laws notified later<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Crimes Explicitly Excluded<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Persons accused of <strong>heinous offences<\/strong> such as:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Terrorism and offences affecting national security<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Dowry deaths<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Rape<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Human trafficking<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Offences under the <strong>POCSO Act<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overall Significance<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">The revised guidelines aim to ensure humane treatment of economically vulnerable prisoners.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Emphasises the principle that poverty should not be a barrier to justice or freedom.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:17px\">Supports broader criminal justice goals, including decongestion of prisons.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bureau of Port Security (BoPS) Background and Context Need for a Dedicated Port Security Framework Legal and Institutional Structure Mandate and Functions Role of CISF and Private Security Agencies Cross-Sectoral Learning Strategic Significance Niryat Cargo Express Key Development About Niryat Cargo Express Operational Highlights Previous Operations Role of Northern Railway Benefits to Exporters Overall Significance 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