Q1. Which Chalcolithic site in India is known for having the earliest evidence of fortified settlements?
- Daimabad
- Navdatoli
- Inamgaon
- Ahar
Correct Option: 1. Daimabad
Explanation: Daimabad, located in Maharashtra, is an important Chalcolithic site that shows evidence of fortified settlements, which were a significant development of the period. Fortifications indicate the emergence of organized settlements, possibly with threats from rival groups or animals, and the beginnings of complex social organization. This site also yielded bronze artifacts (though rare for the time), suggesting external influences.
Q2. In Megalithic burials, which artifact is often used to suggest the existence of a warrior class?
- Terracotta figurines
- Gold ornaments
- Iron weapons
- Spindle whorls
Correct Option: 3. Iron weapons
Explanation: The discovery of iron weapons such as swords, spears, and arrowheads in Megalithic graves is a strong indicator of a warrior class within these societies. These weapons were often found alongside individual burials, suggesting the social importance of the warrior and possible military roles in the community. This evidence also points to the use of iron in both warfare and status display.
Q3. Which among the following crops was not commonly cultivated during the Megalithic period?
- Ragi
- Horse gram
- Rice
- Sugarcane
Correct Option: 4. Sugarcane
Explanation: The Megalithic agricultural economy was based on rice, ragi (finger millet), millets, lentils, and horse gram, all suited to the local climate and soil conditions. Sugarcane, although native to India, is not commonly mentioned in early Megalithic agricultural evidence. It became more prominent in later periods when irrigation systems advanced and urban demand for food items diversified.
Q4. The second urbanization in India, around 600 BCE, is most closely associated with which river valley?
- Indus Valley
- Godavari Valley
- Ganga-Yamuna Doab
- Narmada Valley
Correct Option: 3. Ganga-Yamuna Doab
Explanation: The second urbanization refers to the rise of large towns and cities in India after the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization. This process occurred primarily in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab region due to factors like the use of iron tools, expansion of agriculture, and the development of state societies and Mahajanapadas. Cities like Pataliputra, Kausambi, and Varanasi flourished during this time.
Q5. Which of the following statements about the Iron Age in India is correct?
- Iron use began in India around 500 BCE
- Iron tools replaced stone and copper tools in agriculture
- Iron was used only for weapons, not farming
- Iron technology spread first to the Northwest of India
Correct Option: 2. Iron tools replaced stone and copper tools in agriculture
Explanation: With the arrival of the Iron Age (around 1200 BCE in some regions), iron tools such as ploughshares, axes, and sickles revolutionized agriculture. These tools were more durable and efficient than stone or copper implements, leading to increased agricultural productivity and expansion into forested areas. Contrary to some misconceptions, iron tools were widely used in both agriculture and warfare, and the technology first spread through central and eastern India, not the northwest.