Q1. Who established the Shishunaga dynasty in Magadha?
- Mahapadma Nanda
- Kalasoka
- A viceroy from Varanasi
- Chandragupta Maurya
Correct Option: 3. A viceroy from Varanasi
Explanation: Shishunaga, originally a viceroy (or Amatya) in Varanasi, was chosen by the people of Magadha to become king after widespread discontent with the Haryanka rulers. His rule marked a return to stability, and he expanded the empire by annexing Avanti.
Q2. The long-standing rivalry between Magadha and Avanti ended with the conquest of Avanti by which ruler?
- Mahapadma Nanda
- Shishunaga
- Ajatashatru
- Dhanananda
Correct Option: 2. Shishunaga
Explanation: The rivalry between Magadha and Avanti lasted over a century, with both states vying for supremacy. Shishunaga defeated Avanti and integrated it into the Magadhan empire, ending this prolonged struggle and enhancing Magadha’s position in central India.
Q3. Mahapadma Nanda, the founder of the Nanda dynasty, is referred to as ‘Ugrasena’ in which source?
- Greek texts
- Jain Agamas
- Pali texts
- Arthashastra
Correct Option: 3. Pali texts
Explanation: According to Pali texts, Mahapadma Nanda is referred to as Ugrasena, highlighting his powerful military and administrative capabilities. He is considered the first historical empire builder of India, claiming the title of Ekarat (sole ruler) and Sarva-Kshatrantaka (destroyer of all Kshatriyas).
Q4. Who was the last ruler of the Nanda dynasty, overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya?
- Udayin
- Mahapadma Nanda
- Kalasoka
- Dhanananda
Correct Option: 4. Dhanananda
Explanation: Dhanananda was the last Nanda king, known for his immense wealth and large army. Greek writers referred to him as Agrammes/Xandrames. However, his oppressive taxation and arrogance made him unpopular. Chandragupta Maurya, guided by Kautilya (Chanakya), overthrew him and established the Maurya Empire.
Q5. What significant religious event took place during Kalasoka’s reign?
- First Buddhist Council
- Death of Mahavira
- Second Buddhist Council
- Spread of Buddhism to Sri Lanka
Correct Option: 3. Second Buddhist Council
Explanation: During Kalasoka’s reign, the Second Buddhist Council was held at Vaishali to address divisions within the Sangha, particularly over matters of discipline. The council attempted to resolve differences between conservative and more liberal monks, and it marks the beginning of sectarian tendencies in Buddhism.