Q1. According to the CGWB Annual Ground Water Quality Report, 2025, which of the following groundwater quality issues was most prominently reported in Andhra Pradesh?
- Widespread microbial contamination due to floods
- Elevated uranium levels exceeding BIS limits in specific districts
- Acute depletion of groundwater levels without quality concerns
- Exclusive contamination by pesticides
Correct Option: 2. Elevated uranium levels exceeding BIS limits in specific districts
Explanation:
The CGWB report highlighted elevated uranium concentrations above 30 ppb in Andhra Pradesh, exceeding BIS drinking water standards. Specific uranium hotspots were identified in Sri Sathya Sai district (16 villages) and Tirupati district (3 villages). While other contaminants were also present, uranium contamination was a major and notable concern highlighted in the report, making option 2 correct.
Q2. Fluoride contamination in parts of Andhra Pradesh is particularly severe in hard rock aquifers primarily because:
- Industrial effluents are directly discharged into aquifers
- Seawater intrusion increases fluoride solubility
- Over-extraction mobilises fluoride-bearing minerals
- Monsoon rainfall concentrates fluoride in groundwater
Correct Option: 3. Over-extraction mobilises fluoride-bearing minerals
Explanation:
The report notes that fluoride levels exceeding 1.50 mg/l were commonly observed in hard rock aquifers of Andhra Pradesh. Over-extraction of groundwater enhances rock–water interaction, leading to the mobilisation of fluoride-bearing minerals into groundwater. Industrial discharge and seawater intrusion were not identified as primary causes of fluoride contamination in these regions, and monsoon rainfall generally improves water quality rather than worsening it.
Q3. Which of the following requirements has been made mandatory for customer onboarding by cryptocurrency exchanges under the FIU’s updated AML–CFT guidelines?
- Biometric Aadhaar authentication only
- Selfie with liveness detection and recording of geographical coordinates
- Declaration of crypto holdings held outside India
- Permission to transact anonymously up to a threshold limit
Correct Option: 2. Selfie with liveness detection and recording of geographical coordinates
Explanation:
The updated guidelines issued by the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) mandate enhanced client due diligence measures for crypto exchanges. These include selfie with liveness detection, capturing latitude and longitude of the onboarding location, along with date, time stamp, IP address, PAN, and bank account verification using the penny-drop method. These steps aim to prevent identity fraud and anonymous transactions. The other options are not prescribed under the guidelines.
Q4. Under the updated FIU guidelines, which of the following crypto-related activities is explicitly discouraged or prohibited for exchanges in India?
- Trading of all virtual digital assets
- Reporting suspicious transactions to FIU
- Facilitating transactions involving mixers and anonymity-enhancing tokens
- Taxation of crypto assets under the Income-Tax Act
Correct Option: 3. Facilitating transactions involving mixers and anonymity-enhancing tokens
Explanation:
The FIU guidelines clearly state that tumblers, mixers, and anonymity-enhancing tokens or transactions linked to anonymity should not be facilitated by crypto exchanges. These tools obscure transaction trails and increase the risk of money laundering and terrorist financing. Reporting suspicious transactions is mandatory, crypto trading is regulated (not banned), and taxation under the Income-Tax Act continues to apply—making option 3 the correct answer.
Q5. What best describes the “context window” in large language models (LLMs)?
- The total amount of data an AI model is trained on
- The maximum number of words an AI can generate in one response
- The maximum amount of text the model can process at one time
- The permanent memory of all past conversations
Correct Option: 3. The maximum amount of text the model can process at one time.
Explanation:
• The context window refers to the maximum amount of text an AI model can consider simultaneously while generating a response.
• It includes system instructions, conversation history, and space for output.
• Option 1 is incorrect because training data is separate from runtime context.
• Option 2 is incorrect because output length is only one part of the context window.
• Option 4 is incorrect because LLMs do not have permanent memory across conversations.
Q6. Why does increasing the context window size significantly raise computational cost?
- Larger windows require more training data
- Computational power increases linearly with context size
- Models must store all past conversations permanently
- Computational requirements increase roughly with the square of the window size
Correct Option: 4. Computational requirements increase roughly with the square of the window size.
Explanation:
• The context window size is increased by 2×, the computational power required increases by about 4×.
•
This quadratic increase makes large context windows expensive to run.
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Option 1 is incorrect because training data size is unrelated to runtime context.
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Option 2 is incorrect because the increase is not linear, but roughly quadratic.
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Option 3 is incorrect because models do not store conversations permanently.
Q7. Which of the following features correctly characterises the Man Portable Anti-Tank Guided Missile (MPATGM) successfully flight-tested by DRDO in January 2026?
- Second-generation, wire-guided missile with direct attack mode
- Third-generation “Fire & Forget” missile with top-attack capability and IIR seeker
- Laser-guided missile designed exclusively for static targets
- Surface-to-surface missile with radar homing and nuclear warhead
Correct Option: 2. Third-generation “Fire & Forget” missile with top-attack capability and IIR seeker
Explanation:
The MPATGM tested by DRDO is a third-generation Fire & Forget missile, meaning:
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Once fired, it does not require further guidance from the operator
It has a top-attack capability, allowing it to strike the weakest armour of modern tanks.
The missile uses an Imaging Infrared (IIR) Homing Seeker, enabling:
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Day and night combat operations
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Engagement of moving targets
Q8. Which of the following organisations were designated as Development-Cum-Production Partners (DcPP) for the MPATGM system?
- Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Larsen & Toubro
- Defence Research & Development Organisation and Indian Army
- Bharat Dynamics Limited and Bharat Electronics Limited
- Ordnance Factory Board and Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders
Correct Option: 3. Bharat Dynamics Limited and Bharat Electronics Limited
Explanation:
Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) are the Development-Cum-Production Partners (DcPP) for the MPATGM system.
These public sector enterprises are responsible for:
• Transitioning the missile system from development to production
• Supporting its induction into the Indian Army