Q1. Who propounded the doctrine of Judicial Review for the first time in the USA?
- Alexander Hamilton
- Thomas Jefferson
- John Marshall
- James Madison
Correct Option: 3. John Marshall.
Explanation: The doctrine of judicial review was first propounded by John Marshall, the then Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison (1803). It established the judiciary’s power to examine the constitutionality of laws and actions.
Q2. Which of the following Indian Constitutional Articles empowers the Supreme Court to issue directions or writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights?
- Article 245
- Article 112
- Article 32
- Article 14
Correct Option: 3. Article 32.
Explanation: Article 32 guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights and empowers the Supreme Court to issue directions, orders, or writs for that purpose. It is a crucial mechanism for protecting Fundamental Rights.
Q3. Which case led the Supreme Court to declare judicial review as a ‘Basic feature’ of the Indian Constitution?
- Kesavananda Bharati case (1973)
- Golaknath case (1967)
- Bank Nationalisation case (1970)
- I.R. Coelho case (2007)
Correct Option: 1. Kesavananda Bharati case (1973).
Explanation: In the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), the Supreme Court ruled that judicial review is a ‘basic feature’ of the Indian Constitution, meaning it cannot be altered or removed, even by constitutional amendments.
Q4. Which of the following Articles allows the High Courts to issue directions or writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights?
- Article 32
- Article 132
- Article 229
- Article 226
Correct Option: 4. Article 226
Explanation: Article 226 empowers the High Courts to issue directions, orders, or writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose. This allows High Courts to act as protectors of citizens’ rights within their jurisdiction.
Q5. Judicial review in India is primarily concerned with which of the following grounds?
- Reasonableness of the law
- It infringes Fundamental Rights
- Suitability of the law
- Policy implications of the law
Correct Option: 2. It infringes Fundamental Rights
Explanation: In India, judicial review is concerned with ensuring that laws do not infringe upon Fundamental Rights, that they fall within the competence of the authority making them, and that they are not repugnant to the constitutional provisions. The reasonableness or policy implications are generally not scrutinized.