Q1. Which statue protects judicial officers from civil liability?
- Civil Judgment Act
- Judicial Officers Protection Act, 1850
- Government Liability Act
- Court Officers Protection Act
Correct Option: 2. Judicial Officers Protection Act, 1850
Explanation: Grants immunity for acts committed in judicial capacity.
Q2. According to Article 311, which safeguard is NOT required if a civil servant is convicted of a crime?
- Reason recorded for not holding an inquiry
- Inquiry before removal
- Advance opportunity to be heard
- Right to representation after proposed punishment
Correct Option: 4. Right to representation after proposed punishment
Explanation: The 42nd Amendment removed the second opportunity to make representations against penalty.
Q3. Which case held that sovereign immunity is outdated and violated citizen rights?
- Kasturilal Case
- Nagendra Rao Case
- P & O Navigation Company
- Common Cause Case
Correct Option: 2. Nagendra Rao Case
Explanation: The Supreme Court in Nagendra Rao criticized sovereign immunity and favored providing compensation for negligence.
Q4. Under Article 299, who is liable for valid government contracts?
- Individual officer signing the contract
- The government (Union/state)
- President/Governor personally
- No one
Correct Option: 2. The government (Union/state)
Explanation: Only the Union or state government is enforceably liable, not individuals involved.
Q5. In sovereign functions, the government is ___________ for torts.
- Fully liable
- Partially liable
- Not liable
- Immune
Correct Option: 4. Immune
Explanation: Sovereign functions like policy, defense, justice, etc., generally provide immunity under Articles 299/300 and judicial precedents.