Q1. A suit against a Governor for a personal act during his term can be instituted during tenure only if:
- Parliament gives approval
- A two months’ advance notice is served
- President consents
- Supreme Court issues writ
Correct Option: 2. A two months’ advance notice is served
Explanation: Under Article 361, civil proceedings for personal acts require 2 months’ notice, even during the term of office.
Q2. According to judicial trends post-Kasturilal, which approach best describes the Supreme Court’s stance on sovereign immunity?
- Expansive immunity
- Total rejection
- Contextual and restrictive interpretation
- Complete absorption of UK doctrine
Correct Option: 3. Contextual and restrictive interpretation
Explanation: The SC has not completely discarded sovereign immunity but has significantly narrowed its scope (Nagendra Rao, Common Cause).
Q3. Which article empowers both the Union and the States to engage in trade and business?
- Article 298
- Article 294
- Article 299
- Article 297
Correct Option: 1. Article 298
Explanation: Article 298 allows the Union and the States to carry on trade, business, or industry within or across states.
Q4. Which of the following immunities does a civil servant not enjoy?
- Protection for official acts after prior notice
- Immunity from personal liability on valid contracts
- Immunity from torts committed in sovereign functions
- Absolute immunity from all criminal proceedings
Correct Option: 4. Absolute immunity from all criminal proceedings
Explanation: Civil servants are not absolutely immune from criminal prosecution. Prior sanction from the President/Governor is required, but they can be prosecuted.
Q5. Which principle underlies the modern justification for limiting sovereign immunity in India?
- Principle of Eminent Domain
- Doctrine of Public Accountability
- Doctrine of Laissez-faire
- Principle of Federal Supremacy
Correct Option: 2. Doctrine of Public Accountability
Explanation: Courts have emphasized that the state is accountable to citizens and cannot escape liability for wrongful acts under the cover of sovereignty.