Q1. Which of the following Articles protects land reform laws from challenge under Articles 14 and 19?
- Article 31
- Article 31A
- Article 31B
- Article 32
Correct Option: 2. Article 31A
Explanation: Article 31A saves land reform laws (like acquisition of estates) from being challenged under Articles 14 and 19. It provides immunity only if the law receives the President’s assent.
Q2. What does Article 31B deal with?
- Acquisition of estates by the State
- Fundamental rights for armed forces
- Indemnity during martial law
- Protection of laws in the Ninth Schedule
Correct Option: 4. Protection of laws in the Ninth Schedule
Explanation: Article 31B protects laws placed in the Ninth Schedule from being challenged for violating fundamental rights. However, after the I.R. Coelho judgment (2007), such laws are open to review if they violate the basic structure.
Q3. According to the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Kesavananda Bharati case, which part of Article 31C was struck down?
- The part protecting laws related to Article 39(b)
- The part allowing Parliament to modify Part IV
- The part barring judicial review of such laws
- The part related to untouchability
Correct Option: 3. The part barring judicial review of such laws
Explanation: In Kesavananda Bharati (1973), the Supreme Court upheld protection of laws implementing Article 39(b)/(c), but struck down the clause that barred judicial review, as it violated the basic structure of the Constitution.
Q4. Which Amendment Act removed the right to property from the list of Fundamental Rights?
- 44th Amendment
- 1st Amendment
- 42nd Amendment
- 25th Amendment
Correct Option: 1. 44th Amendment
Explanation: The 44th Amendment Act, 1978 repealed Articles 19(1)(f) and 31, removing the right to property from Part III and introducing Article 300A in Part XII.
Q5. What did the Supreme Court declare in the I.R. Coelho case (2007)?
- Fundamental rights can be repealed by Parliament
- Martial law is unconstitutional
- Judicial review cannot be removed even for Ninth Schedule laws
- Right to property is part of the basic structure
Correct Option: 3. Judicial review cannot be removed even for Ninth Schedule laws
Explanation: In the I.R. Coelho case, the Court held that judicial review is a part of the basic structure, and even laws in the Ninth Schedule (after April 24, 1973) can be challenged if they violate Articles 14, 15, 19, or 21.