Q1. Which Article allows the State to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes?
- Article 14
- Article 15(3)
- Article 15(4)
- Article 16(1)
Correct Option: 3. Article 15(4).
Explanation: Article 15(4) (inserted by the First Amendment, 1951) permits the State to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes, including SCs and STs.
Q2. The Right to Privacy was declared a Fundamental Right under Article 21 in which landmark case?
- Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India
- Puttaswamy v. Union of India
- A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
- Golaknath v. State of Punjab
Correct Option: 2. Puttaswamy v. Union of India.
Explanation: In Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017), a 9-judge bench of the Supreme Court unanimously held that Right to Privacy is a Fundamental Right under Article 21.
Q3. Which Article grants protection against double jeopardy and self-incrimination?
- Article 20
- Article 21
- Article 22
- Article 23
Correct Option: 1. Article 20.
Explanation: Article 20 provides protection in criminal offences including:
-Double jeopardy (20(2)) – not to be prosecuted twice
-Self-incrimination (20(3)) – not to be compelled to testify against oneself
Q4. Which case introduced the “test of reasonableness” in restrictions imposed under Article 19?
- Shankari Prasad v. Union of India
- A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
- State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan
- State of Madras v. V.G. Row
Correct Option: 4. State of Madras v. V.G. Row.
Explanation: In V.G. Row (1952), the Supreme Court emphasized that restrictions on rights under Article 19 must pass the test of reasonableness, setting a judicial standard for future cases.
Q5. Which Article provides that laws placed in the Ninth Schedule are immune from challenge on the ground of violating Fundamental Rights?
- Article 31A
- Article 31B
- Article 31C
- Article 35
Correct Option: 2. Article 31B.
Explanation: Article 31B protects laws listed in the Ninth Schedule from being challenged for violating Fundamental Rights. However, after I.R. Coelho (2007), even these laws are subject to the basic structure doctrine.